fps/arbitrary-fps.hpp

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• Last update: 2026-06-08 17:59:24+09:00
• Include: #include "fps/arbitrary-fps.hpp"

Depends on

• 多項式/形式的冪級数ライブラリ (fps/formal-power-series.hpp)
• modint/montgomery-modint.hpp
• ntt/arbitrary-ntt.hpp
• ntt/ntt.hpp

Required by

• P-recursiveの高速計算 (fps/find-p-recursive.hpp)
• 線形漸化式の高速計算 (fps/kitamasa.hpp)
• Mod-Pow ($f(x)^k \mod g(x)$) (fps/mod-pow.hpp)
• 線形回帰数列の高速計算(Berlekamp-Massey/Bostan-Mori) (fps/nth-term.hpp)
• fps/root-finding.hpp
• fps/sample-point-shift.hpp
• Black Box Linear Algebra (matrix/black-box-linear-algebra.hpp)
• 多項式行列のprefix product (matrix/polynomial-matrix-prefix-prod.hpp)
• 階乗 $\mod p$ (modulo/factorial.hpp)
• 多変数巡回畳み込み (ntt/multivariate-circular-convolution.hpp)

Verified with

• verify/verify-unit-test/p-recursive.test.cpp
• verify/verify-unit-test/polynomial-matrix-prod.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-exp-arb.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-factorial-p-recursive.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-factorial.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-inv-arb.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-log-arb.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-polynomial-root-finding.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-pow-arb.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-fps/yosupo-sample-point-shift.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-math/yosupo-determinant-of-matrix-bbla.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-math/yosupo-determinant-of-sparse-matrix-bbla.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-ntt/yosupo-convolution-chirp-z.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yosupo-ntt/yosupo-multivariate-circular-convolution.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-0214.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-0215-nth-term.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-0215.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-0502.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-0720.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-1080.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-1112-sparse.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-1112.test.cpp
• verify/verify-yuki/yuki-1533.test.cpp

Code

#pragma once

#include <cstdlib>

#include "../ntt/arbitrary-ntt.hpp"
#include "./formal-power-series.hpp"

template <typename mint>
void fps_set_fft_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>*, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_ptr = nullptr;
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_ntt_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_intt_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_ntt_doubling_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
int fps_ntt_pr_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>*, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint>& fps_multiply_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f,
                                           const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& r,
                                           FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  auto ret = ArbitraryNTT::multiply(f, r);
  return f = FormalPowerSeries<mint>(ret.begin(), ret.end());
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> fps_inv_impl(const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f, int deg,
                                     FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  assert(f[0] != mint(0));
  if (deg == -1) deg = f.size();
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> ret({mint(1) / f[0]});
  for (int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1)
    ret = (ret + ret - ret * ret * f.pre(i << 1)).pre(i << 1);
  return ret.pre(deg);
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> fps_exp_impl(const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f, int deg,
                                     FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  assert(f.size() == 0 || f[0] == mint(0));
  if (deg == -1) deg = (int)f.size();
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> ret({mint(1)});
  for (int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1) {
    ret = (ret * (f.pre(i << 1) + mint(1) - ret.log(i << 1))).pre(i << 1);
  }
  return ret.pre(deg);
}

#line 2 "fps/arbitrary-fps.hpp"

#include <cstdlib>

#line 2 "ntt/arbitrary-ntt.hpp"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

#line 2 "modint/montgomery-modint.hpp"

#line 4 "modint/montgomery-modint.hpp"
#include <iostream>

template <uint32_t mod>
struct LazyMontgomeryModInt {
  using mint = LazyMontgomeryModInt;
  using i32 = int32_t;
  using u32 = uint32_t;
  using u64 = uint64_t;

  static constexpr u32 get_r() {
    u32 ret = mod;
    for (i32 i = 0; i < 4; ++i) ret *= 2 - mod * ret;
    return ret;
  }

  static constexpr u32 r = get_r();
  static constexpr u32 n2 = -u64(mod) % mod;
  static_assert(mod < (1 << 30), "invalid, mod >= 2 ^ 30");
  static_assert((mod & 1) == 1, "invalid, mod % 2 == 0");
  static_assert(r * mod == 1, "this code has bugs.");

  u32 a;

  constexpr LazyMontgomeryModInt() : a(0) {}
  constexpr LazyMontgomeryModInt(const int64_t &b)
      : a(reduce(u64(b % mod + mod) * n2)){};

  static constexpr u32 reduce(const u64 &b) {
    return (b + u64(u32(b) * u32(-r)) * mod) >> 32;
  }

  constexpr mint &operator+=(const mint &b) {
    if (i32(a += b.a - 2 * mod) < 0) a += 2 * mod;
    return *this;
  }

  constexpr mint &operator-=(const mint &b) {
    if (i32(a -= b.a) < 0) a += 2 * mod;
    return *this;
  }

  constexpr mint &operator*=(const mint &b) {
    a = reduce(u64(a) * b.a);
    return *this;
  }

  constexpr mint &operator/=(const mint &b) {
    *this *= b.inverse();
    return *this;
  }

  constexpr mint operator+(const mint &b) const { return mint(*this) += b; }
  constexpr mint operator-(const mint &b) const { return mint(*this) -= b; }
  constexpr mint operator*(const mint &b) const { return mint(*this) *= b; }
  constexpr mint operator/(const mint &b) const { return mint(*this) /= b; }
  constexpr bool operator==(const mint &b) const {
    return (a >= mod ? a - mod : a) == (b.a >= mod ? b.a - mod : b.a);
  }
  constexpr bool operator!=(const mint &b) const {
    return (a >= mod ? a - mod : a) != (b.a >= mod ? b.a - mod : b.a);
  }
  constexpr mint operator-() const { return mint() - mint(*this); }
  constexpr mint operator+() const { return mint(*this); }

  constexpr mint pow(u64 n) const {
    mint ret(1), mul(*this);
    while (n > 0) {
      if (n & 1) ret *= mul;
      mul *= mul;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ret;
  }

  constexpr mint inverse() const {
    int x = get(), y = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t = 0, tmp = 0;
    while (y > 0) {
      t = x / y;
      x -= t * y, u -= t * v;
      tmp = x, x = y, y = tmp;
      tmp = u, u = v, v = tmp;
    }
    return mint{u};
  }

  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const mint &b) {
    return os << b.get();
  }

  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, mint &b) {
    int64_t t;
    is >> t;
    b = LazyMontgomeryModInt<mod>(t);
    return (is);
  }

  constexpr u32 get() const {
    u32 ret = reduce(a);
    return ret >= mod ? ret - mod : ret;
  }

  static constexpr u32 get_mod() { return mod; }
};
#line 2 "ntt/ntt.hpp"

#line 5 "ntt/ntt.hpp"
#include <iterator>
#line 7 "ntt/ntt.hpp"
using namespace std;

template <typename mint>
struct NTT {
  static constexpr uint32_t get_pr() {
    uint32_t _mod = mint::get_mod();
    using u64 = uint64_t;
    u64 ds[32] = {};
    int idx = 0;
    u64 m = _mod - 1;
    for (u64 i = 2; i * i <= m; ++i) {
      if (m % i == 0) {
        ds[idx++] = i;
        while (m % i == 0) m /= i;
      }
    }
    if (m != 1) ds[idx++] = m;

    uint32_t _pr = 2;
    while (1) {
      int flg = 1;
      for (int i = 0; i < idx; ++i) {
        u64 a = _pr, b = (_mod - 1) / ds[i], r = 1;
        while (b) {
          if (b & 1) r = r * a % _mod;
          a = a * a % _mod;
          b >>= 1;
        }
        if (r == 1) {
          flg = 0;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (flg == 1) break;
      ++_pr;
    }
    return _pr;
  };

  static constexpr uint32_t mod = mint::get_mod();
  static constexpr uint32_t pr = get_pr();
  static constexpr int level = __builtin_ctzll(mod - 1);
  mint dw[level], dy[level];

  void setwy(int k) {
    mint w[level], y[level];
    w[k - 1] = mint(pr).pow((mod - 1) / (1 << k));
    y[k - 1] = w[k - 1].inverse();
    for (int i = k - 2; i > 0; --i)
      w[i] = w[i + 1] * w[i + 1], y[i] = y[i + 1] * y[i + 1];
    dw[1] = w[1], dy[1] = y[1], dw[2] = w[2], dy[2] = y[2];
    for (int i = 3; i < k; ++i) {
      dw[i] = dw[i - 1] * y[i - 2] * w[i];
      dy[i] = dy[i - 1] * w[i - 2] * y[i];
    }
  }

  NTT() { setwy(level); }

  void fft4(vector<mint> &a, int k) {
    if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return;
    if (k == 1) {
      mint a1 = a[1];
      a[1] = a[0] - a[1];
      a[0] = a[0] + a1;
      return;
    }
    if (k & 1) {
      int v = 1 << (k - 1);
      for (int j = 0; j < v; ++j) {
        mint ajv = a[j + v];
        a[j + v] = a[j] - ajv;
        a[j] += ajv;
      }
    }
    int u = 1 << (2 + (k & 1));
    int v = 1 << (k - 2 - (k & 1));
    mint one = mint(1);
    mint imag = dw[1];
    while (v) {
      // jh = 0
      {
        int j0 = 0;
        int j1 = v;
        int j2 = j1 + v;
        int j3 = j2 + v;
        for (; j0 < v; ++j0, ++j1, ++j2, ++j3) {
          mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j1], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j3];
          mint t0p2 = t0 + t2, t1p3 = t1 + t3;
          mint t0m2 = t0 - t2, t1m3 = (t1 - t3) * imag;
          a[j0] = t0p2 + t1p3, a[j1] = t0p2 - t1p3;
          a[j2] = t0m2 + t1m3, a[j3] = t0m2 - t1m3;
        }
      }
      // jh >= 1
      mint ww = one, xx = one * dw[2], wx = one;
      for (int jh = 4; jh < u;) {
        ww = xx * xx, wx = ww * xx;
        int j0 = jh * v;
        int je = j0 + v;
        int j2 = je + v;
        for (; j0 < je; ++j0, ++j2) {
          mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j0 + v] * xx, t2 = a[j2] * ww,
               t3 = a[j2 + v] * wx;
          mint t0p2 = t0 + t2, t1p3 = t1 + t3;
          mint t0m2 = t0 - t2, t1m3 = (t1 - t3) * imag;
          a[j0] = t0p2 + t1p3, a[j0 + v] = t0p2 - t1p3;
          a[j2] = t0m2 + t1m3, a[j2 + v] = t0m2 - t1m3;
        }
        xx *= dw[__builtin_ctzll((jh += 4))];
      }
      u <<= 2;
      v >>= 2;
    }
  }

  void ifft4(vector<mint> &a, int k) {
    if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return;
    if (k == 1) {
      mint a1 = a[1];
      a[1] = a[0] - a[1];
      a[0] = a[0] + a1;
      return;
    }
    int u = 1 << (k - 2);
    int v = 1;
    mint one = mint(1);
    mint imag = dy[1];
    while (u) {
      // jh = 0
      {
        int j0 = 0;
        int j1 = v;
        int j2 = v + v;
        int j3 = j2 + v;
        for (; j0 < v; ++j0, ++j1, ++j2, ++j3) {
          mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j1], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j3];
          mint t0p1 = t0 + t1, t2p3 = t2 + t3;
          mint t0m1 = t0 - t1, t2m3 = (t2 - t3) * imag;
          a[j0] = t0p1 + t2p3, a[j2] = t0p1 - t2p3;
          a[j1] = t0m1 + t2m3, a[j3] = t0m1 - t2m3;
        }
      }
      // jh >= 1
      mint ww = one, xx = one * dy[2], yy = one;
      u <<= 2;
      for (int jh = 4; jh < u;) {
        ww = xx * xx, yy = xx * imag;
        int j0 = jh * v;
        int je = j0 + v;
        int j2 = je + v;
        for (; j0 < je; ++j0, ++j2) {
          mint t0 = a[j0], t1 = a[j0 + v], t2 = a[j2], t3 = a[j2 + v];
          mint t0p1 = t0 + t1, t2p3 = t2 + t3;
          mint t0m1 = (t0 - t1) * xx, t2m3 = (t2 - t3) * yy;
          a[j0] = t0p1 + t2p3, a[j2] = (t0p1 - t2p3) * ww;
          a[j0 + v] = t0m1 + t2m3, a[j2 + v] = (t0m1 - t2m3) * ww;
        }
        xx *= dy[__builtin_ctzll(jh += 4)];
      }
      u >>= 4;
      v <<= 2;
    }
    if (k & 1) {
      u = 1 << (k - 1);
      for (int j = 0; j < u; ++j) {
        mint ajv = a[j] - a[j + u];
        a[j] += a[j + u];
        a[j + u] = ajv;
      }
    }
  }

  void ntt(vector<mint> &a) {
    if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return;
    fft4(a, __builtin_ctz(a.size()));
  }

  void intt(vector<mint> &a) {
    if ((int)a.size() <= 1) return;
    ifft4(a, __builtin_ctz(a.size()));
    mint iv = mint(a.size()).inverse();
    for (auto &x : a) x *= iv;
  }

  vector<mint> multiply(const vector<mint> &a, const vector<mint> &b) {
    int l = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
    if (min<int>(a.size(), b.size()) <= 40) {
      vector<mint> s(l);
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i)
        for (int j = 0; j < (int)b.size(); ++j) s[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
      return s;
    }
    int k = 2, M = 4;
    while (M < l) M <<= 1, ++k;
    setwy(k);
    vector<mint> s(M);
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) s[i] = a[i];
    fft4(s, k);
    if (a.size() == b.size() && a == b) {
      for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i) s[i] *= s[i];
    } else {
      vector<mint> t(M);
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) t[i] = b[i];
      fft4(t, k);
      for (int i = 0; i < M; ++i) s[i] *= t[i];
    }
    ifft4(s, k);
    s.resize(l);
    mint invm = mint(M).inverse();
    for (int i = 0; i < l; ++i) s[i] *= invm;
    return s;
  }

  void ntt_doubling(vector<mint> &a) {
    int M = (int)a.size();
    auto b = a;
    intt(b);
    mint r = 1, zeta = mint(pr).pow((mint::get_mod() - 1) / (M << 1));
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) b[i] *= r, r *= zeta;
    ntt(b);
    copy(begin(b), end(b), back_inserter(a));
  }
};
#line 10 "ntt/arbitrary-ntt.hpp"

namespace ArbitraryNTT {
using i64 = int64_t;
using u128 = __uint128_t;
constexpr int32_t m0 = 167772161;
constexpr int32_t m1 = 469762049;
constexpr int32_t m2 = 754974721;
using mint0 = LazyMontgomeryModInt<m0>;
using mint1 = LazyMontgomeryModInt<m1>;
using mint2 = LazyMontgomeryModInt<m2>;
constexpr int r01 = mint1(m0).inverse().get();
constexpr int r02 = mint2(m0).inverse().get();
constexpr int r12 = mint2(m1).inverse().get();
constexpr int r02r12 = i64(r02) * r12 % m2;
constexpr i64 w1 = m0;
constexpr i64 w2 = i64(m0) * m1;

template <typename T, typename submint>
vector<submint> mul(const vector<T> &a, const vector<T> &b) {
  static NTT<submint> ntt;
  vector<submint> s(a.size()), t(b.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) s[i] = i64(a[i] % submint::get_mod());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) t[i] = i64(b[i] % submint::get_mod());
  return ntt.multiply(s, t);
}

template <typename T>
vector<int> multiply(const vector<T> &s, const vector<T> &t, int mod) {
  auto d0 = mul<T, mint0>(s, t);
  auto d1 = mul<T, mint1>(s, t);
  auto d2 = mul<T, mint2>(s, t);
  int n = d0.size();
  vector<int> ret(n);
  const int W1 = w1 % mod;
  const int W2 = w2 % mod;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    int n1 = d1[i].get(), n2 = d2[i].get(), a = d0[i].get();
    int b = i64(n1 + m1 - a) * r01 % m1;
    int c = (i64(n2 + m2 - a) * r02r12 + i64(m2 - b) * r12) % m2;
    ret[i] = (i64(a) + i64(b) * W1 + i64(c) * W2) % mod;
  }
  return ret;
}

template <typename mint>
vector<mint> multiply(const vector<mint> &a, const vector<mint> &b) {
  if (a.size() == 0 && b.size() == 0) return {};
  if (min<int>(a.size(), b.size()) < 128) {
    vector<mint> ret(a.size() + b.size() - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i)
      for (int j = 0; j < (int)b.size(); ++j) ret[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
    return ret;
  }
  vector<int> s(a.size()), t(b.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int)a.size(); ++i) s[i] = a[i].get();
  for (int i = 0; i < (int)b.size(); ++i) t[i] = b[i].get();
  vector<int> u = multiply<int>(s, t, mint::get_mod());
  vector<mint> ret(u.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < (int)u.size(); ++i) ret[i] = mint(u[i]);
  return ret;
}

template <typename T>
vector<u128> multiply_u128(const vector<T> &s, const vector<T> &t) {
  if (s.size() == 0 && t.size() == 0) return {};
  if (min<int>(s.size(), t.size()) < 128) {
    vector<u128> ret(s.size() + t.size() - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)s.size(); ++i)
      for (int j = 0; j < (int)t.size(); ++j) ret[i + j] += i64(s[i]) * t[j];
    return ret;
  }
  auto d0 = mul<T, mint0>(s, t);
  auto d1 = mul<T, mint1>(s, t);
  auto d2 = mul<T, mint2>(s, t);
  int n = d0.size();
  vector<u128> ret(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    i64 n1 = d1[i].get(), n2 = d2[i].get();
    i64 a = d0[i].get();
    i64 b = (n1 + m1 - a) * r01 % m1;
    i64 c = ((n2 + m2 - a) * r02r12 + (m2 - b) * r12) % m2;
    ret[i] = a + b * w1 + u128(c) * w2;
  }
  return ret;
}
}  // namespace ArbitraryNTT
#line 2 "fps/formal-power-series.hpp"

#line 4 "fps/formal-power-series.hpp"
#include <cassert>
#line 8 "fps/formal-power-series.hpp"
using namespace std;

template <typename mint>
struct FormalPowerSeries : vector<mint> {
  using vector<mint>::vector;
  using FPS = FormalPowerSeries;

  FPS &operator+=(const FPS &r) {
    if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] += r[i];
    return *this;
  }

  FPS &operator+=(const mint &r) {
    if (this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] += r;
    return *this;
  }

  FPS &operator-=(const FPS &r) {
    if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] -= r[i];
    return *this;
  }

  FPS &operator-=(const mint &r) {
    if (this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] -= r;
    return *this;
  }

  FPS &operator*=(const mint &v) {
    for (int k = 0; k < (int)this->size(); k++) (*this)[k] *= v;
    return *this;
  }

  FPS &operator/=(const FPS &r) {
    if (this->size() < r.size()) {
      this->clear();
      return *this;
    }
    int n = this->size() - r.size() + 1;
    if ((int)r.size() <= 64) {
      FPS f(*this), g(r);
      g.shrink();
      mint coeff = g.back().inverse();
      for (auto &x : g) x *= coeff;
      int deg = (int)f.size() - (int)g.size() + 1;
      int gs = g.size();
      FPS quo(deg);
      for (int i = deg - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        quo[i] = f[i + gs - 1];
        for (int j = 0; j < gs; j++) f[i + j] -= quo[i] * g[j];
      }
      *this = quo * coeff;
      this->resize(n, mint(0));
      return *this;
    }
    return *this = ((*this).rev().pre(n) * r.rev().inv(n)).pre(n).rev();
  }

  FPS &operator%=(const FPS &r) {
    *this -= *this / r * r;
    shrink();
    return *this;
  }

  FPS operator+(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) += r; }
  FPS operator+(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) += v; }
  FPS operator-(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) -= r; }
  FPS operator-(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) -= v; }
  FPS operator*(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) *= r; }
  FPS operator*(const mint &v) const { return FPS(*this) *= v; }
  FPS operator/(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) /= r; }
  FPS operator%(const FPS &r) const { return FPS(*this) %= r; }
  FPS operator-() const {
    FPS ret(this->size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)this->size(); i++) ret[i] = -(*this)[i];
    return ret;
  }

  void shrink() {
    while (this->size() && this->back() == mint(0)) this->pop_back();
  }

  FPS rev() const {
    FPS ret(*this);
    reverse(begin(ret), end(ret));
    return ret;
  }

  FPS dot(FPS r) const {
    FPS ret(min(this->size(), r.size()));
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)ret.size(); i++) ret[i] = (*this)[i] * r[i];
    return ret;
  }

  // 前 sz 項を取ってくる。sz に足りない項は 0 埋めする
  FPS pre(int sz) const {
    FPS ret(begin(*this), begin(*this) + min((int)this->size(), sz));
    if ((int)ret.size() < sz) ret.resize(sz);
    return ret;
  }

  FPS operator>>(int sz) const {
    if ((int)this->size() <= sz) return {};
    FPS ret(*this);
    ret.erase(ret.begin(), ret.begin() + sz);
    return ret;
  }

  FPS operator<<(int sz) const {
    FPS ret(*this);
    ret.insert(ret.begin(), sz, mint(0));
    return ret;
  }

  FPS diff() const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    FPS ret(max(0, n - 1));
    mint one(1), coeff(1);
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
      ret[i - 1] = (*this)[i] * coeff;
      coeff += one;
    }
    return ret;
  }

  FPS integral() const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    FPS ret(n + 1);
    ret[0] = mint(0);
    if (n > 0) ret[1] = mint(1);
    auto mod = mint::get_mod();
    for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) ret[i] = (-ret[mod % i]) * (mod / i);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret[i + 1] *= (*this)[i];
    return ret;
  }

  mint eval(mint x) const {
    mint r = 0, w = 1;
    for (auto &v : *this) r += w * v, w *= x;
    return r;
  }

  FPS log(int deg = -1) const {
    assert(!(*this).empty() && (*this)[0] == mint(1));
    if (deg == -1) deg = (int)this->size();
    return (this->diff() * this->inv(deg)).pre(deg - 1).integral();
  }

  FPS pow(int64_t k, int deg = -1) const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    if (deg == -1) deg = n;
    if (k == 0) {
      FPS ret(deg);
      if (deg) ret[0] = 1;
      return ret;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if ((*this)[i] != mint(0)) {
        mint rev = mint(1) / (*this)[i];
        FPS ret = (((*this * rev) >> i).log(deg) * k).exp(deg);
        ret *= (*this)[i].pow(k);
        ret = (ret << (i * k)).pre(deg);
        if ((int)ret.size() < deg) ret.resize(deg, mint(0));
        return ret;
      }
      if (__int128_t(i + 1) * k >= deg) return FPS(deg, mint(0));
    }
    return FPS(deg, mint(0));
  }

  static void *ntt_ptr;
  static void set_fft();
  FPS &operator*=(const FPS &r);
  void ntt();
  void intt();
  void ntt_doubling();
  static int ntt_pr();
  FPS inv(int deg = -1) const;
  FPS exp(int deg = -1) const;
};
template <typename mint>
void *FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_ptr = nullptr;

template <int N>
struct FPSBackendPriority : FPSBackendPriority<N - 1> {};
template <>
struct FPSBackendPriority<0> {};

template <typename mint>
void FormalPowerSeries<mint>::set_fft() {
  fps_set_fft_impl((FormalPowerSeries<mint>*)nullptr, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint>& FormalPowerSeries<mint>::operator*=(const FPS& r) {
  if (this->empty() || r.empty()) {
    this->clear();
    return *this;
  }
  return fps_multiply_impl(*this, r, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
void FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt() {
  fps_ntt_impl(*this, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
void FormalPowerSeries<mint>::intt() {
  fps_intt_impl(*this, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
void FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_doubling() {
  fps_ntt_doubling_impl(*this, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
int FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_pr() {
  return fps_ntt_pr_impl((FormalPowerSeries<mint>*)nullptr,
                         FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> FormalPowerSeries<mint>::inv(int deg) const {
  return fps_inv_impl(*this, deg, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> FormalPowerSeries<mint>::exp(int deg) const {
  return fps_exp_impl(*this, deg, FPSBackendPriority<1>{});
}

/**
 * @brief 多項式/形式的冪級数ライブラリ
 */
#line 7 "fps/arbitrary-fps.hpp"

template <typename mint>
void fps_set_fft_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>*, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_ptr = nullptr;
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_ntt_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_intt_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
void fps_ntt_doubling_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>&, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
int fps_ntt_pr_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>*, FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  exit(1);
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint>& fps_multiply_impl(FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f,
                                           const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& r,
                                           FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  auto ret = ArbitraryNTT::multiply(f, r);
  return f = FormalPowerSeries<mint>(ret.begin(), ret.end());
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> fps_inv_impl(const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f, int deg,
                                     FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  assert(f[0] != mint(0));
  if (deg == -1) deg = f.size();
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> ret({mint(1) / f[0]});
  for (int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1)
    ret = (ret + ret - ret * ret * f.pre(i << 1)).pre(i << 1);
  return ret.pre(deg);
}

template <typename mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> fps_exp_impl(const FormalPowerSeries<mint>& f, int deg,
                                     FPSBackendPriority<0>) {
  assert(f.size() == 0 || f[0] == mint(0));
  if (deg == -1) deg = (int)f.size();
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> ret({mint(1)});
  for (int i = 1; i < deg; i <<= 1) {
    ret = (ret * (f.pre(i << 1) + mint(1) - ret.log(i << 1))).pre(i << 1);
  }
  return ret.pre(deg);
}

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